Syllabus

Duration

48h

ECTS

6 credits

In charge

Gabriel Peyré

This course will review the mathematical foundations for Machine Learning, as well as the underlying algorithmic methods and showcases some modern applications of a broad range of optimization techniques.

Optimization is at the heart of most recent advances in machine learning. This includes of course most basic methods (linear regression, SVM and kernel methods). It is also the key for the recent explosion of deep learning which are state of the art approaches to solve supervised and unsupervised problems in imaging, vision and natural language processing.

This course will review the mathematical foundations, the underlying algorithmic methods and showcases some modern applications of a broad range of optimization techniques. The course will be composed of both classical lectures and numerical sessions in Python. The first part covers the basic methods of smooth optimization (gradient descent) and convex optimization (optimality condition, constrained optimization, duality). The second part will features more advanced methods (non-smooth optimization, SDP programming,interior points and proximal methods). The last part will cover large scale methods (stochastic gradient descent), automatic differentiation (using modern python framework) and their application to neural network (shallow and deep nets).

Further information on the course page.

Duration

27h

ECTS

4 credits

Course URL

https://moodle.psl.eu/course/view.php?id=19090

In charge

Pierre Senellart

The objective of this course is to present the principles and techniques used to acquire, extract, integrate, clean, preprocess, store, and query datasets, that may then be used as input data to train various artificial intelligence models. The course will consist on a mix of lectures and practical sessions. We will cover the following aspects:

• Web data acquisition (Web crawling, Web APIs, open data, legal issues)
• Information extraction from semi-structured data
• Data cleaning and data deduplication
• Data formats and data models
• Storing and processing data in databases, in main memory, or in plain files
• Introduction to large-scale data processing with MapReduce and Spark
• Ontology-based data access

Duration

27h

ECTS

4 credits

Course URL

https://www.lamsade.dauphine.fr/~bnegrevergne/ens/ProjetDataScience/

In charge

Benjamin Negrevergne

The goal of this module is to provide students with a hands-on experience on a novel data-science/AI challenge using state-of-the-art tools and techniques discussed during other classes of this master. Students enrolled in this class will form groups and choose one topic among a list of proposed topics in the core areas of the master such as supervised or unsupervised learning, recommendation, game AI, distributed or parallel data-science, etc. The topics will generally consist in applying a well-established technique on a novel data-science challenge or in applying recent research results on a classical data-science challenge. Either way, each topic will come with its own novel scientific challenge to address. At the end of the module, the students will give an oral presentation to demonstrate their methodology and their findings. Strong scientific rigor as well as very good engineering and communication skills will be necessary to complete this module successfully.

Duration

27h

ECTS

4 credits

Course URL

http://cours.cmm.mines-paristech.fr/wiki/doku.php/deep/start

In charge

Étienne Decencière

Deep learning has achieved formidable results in the image analysis field in recent years, in many cases exceeding human performance. This success opens paths for new applications, entrepreneurship and research, while making the field very competitive. This course aims at providing the students with the theoretical and practical basis for understanding and using deep learning for image analysis applications. Program to be followed The course will be composed of lectures and practical sessions. Moreover, experts from industry will present practical applications of deep learning.

Lectures will include:

• Artificial neural networks, back-propagation algorithm
• Convolutional neural network
• Design and optimization of a neural architecture
• Successful architectures (AlexNet, VGG, GoogLeNet, ResNet)
• Analysis of neural network function
• Image classification and segmentation
• Auto-encoders and generative networks
• Current research trends and perspectives During the practical sessions, the students will code in Python, using Keras and Tensorflow. They will be confronted with the practical problems linked to deep learning: architecture design; optimization schemes and hyper-parameter selection; analysis of results. Prerequisites: Linear algebra, basic probability and statistics

Duration

27h

ECTS

4 credits

In charge

Francis Bach

The goal of this class is to present old and recent results in learning theory, for the most widely-used learning architectures. This class is geared towards theory-oriented students as well as students who want to acquire a basic mathematical understanding of algorithms used throughout the masters program.

A particular effort will be made to prove many results from first principles, while keeping the exposition as simple as possible. This will naturally lead to a choice of key results that show-case in simple but relevant instances the important concepts in learning theory. Some general results will also be presented without proofs.

The class will be organized in eight three-hour sessions, each with a precise topic.

Prerequisites: We will prove results in class so a good knowledge of undergraduate mathematics is important, as well as basic notions in probability. Having followed an introductory class on machine learning is beneficial.

Duration

27h

ECTS

4 credits

In charge

Alexandre Allauzen

Large language models play an important role to access and generate different kind of contents as well as to communicate in different languages. This course focuses on deep learning methods for natural language processing (NLP), from basics to large language models. The goal is to introduce some important concepts of deep learning and NLP, and what are the theoritical and empirical components for :

• Natural Language Processing and deep learning basics
• Sequence models in NLP (n-grams, convolution, and recurrent models)
• The Transformer architecture
• Text classification
• Generative models for NLP

Lab sessions in pytorch complements the course.

Prerequisites:

• Regular python skills
• Understanding of basic concepts in machine learning like: logistic regression, loss function, optimization by gradient descent

Rcommended readings:

• Dan Jurafsky and James H. Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed.
• Jacob Eisenstein, Natural Language Processing

Duration

27h

ECTS

4 credits

In charge

Olivier Cappé

Reinforcement Learning (RL) refers to scenarios where the learning algorithm operates in closed-loop, simultaneously using past data to adjust its decisions and taking actions that will influence future observations. Algorithms based on RL concepts are now commonly used in programmatic marketing on the web, robotics or in computer game playing. All models for RL share a common concern that in order to attain one's long-term optimality goals, it is necessary to reach a proper balance between exploration (discovery of yet uncertain behaviors) and exploitation (focusing on the actions that have produced the most relevant results so far).

The methods used in RL draw ideas from control, statistics and machine learning. This introductory course will provide the main methodological building blocks of RL, focussing on probabilistic methods in the case where both the set of possible actions and the state space of the system are finite. Some basic notions in probability theory are required to follow the course.

• Probabilistic and statistical tools for RL: Markov chains and conditioning, importance sampling, stochastic approximation, Bayesian modelling, hypothesis testing, concentration inequalities
• Models: Markov decision processes (MDP), multiarmed bandits and other models
• Planning: finite and infinite horizon problems, value functions, Bellman equations, dynamic programming, value and policy iteration
• Basic learning tools: Monte Carlo methods, temporal-difference learning, policy gradient
• Optimal exploration in multiarmed bandits: the explore vs exploit tradeoff, pure exploration, lower bounds, the UCB algorithm, Thompson sampling
• Extensions: Contextual bandits, pure exploration, optimal exploration for MDP

References

• Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto, Second Edition, MIT Press, 2018 http://incompleteideas.net/book/the-book.html
• Bandit Algorithms, Tor Lattimore and Csaba Szepesvári, Cambridge University Press, 2020 https://banditalgs.com/

Duration

30h

ECTS

2 credits

Course URL

https://data-psl.github.io/intensive-week/

In charge

Alexandre Allauzen

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Yann Chevaleyre

This research-oriented module will focus on selected advanced topics in machine learning.

1- Elements of a Theory of Deep Learning

• Neural networks as kernel machines
• Understanding over-parametrized networks via double descent

2 - Bayesian Machine Learning and Bayesian Deep Learning

• Introduction to Bayesian Machine Learning
• Bayesian Deep Learning: MCMC methods
• Bayesian Deep Learning: variational methods

3 - Beyond classification: Losses and Algorithms for Recommendation

The evaluation consists in an individual presentation of a research paper in one of the above topics.

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Jérôme Lang Dominik Peters

The aim of this course is to give an overview of the problems, techniques and applications of computational social choice, a multidisciplinary topic at the crossing point of computer science (especially artificial intelligence, operations research, theoretical computer science, multi-agent systems, computational logic, web science) and economics. The course consists of the analysis of problems arising from the aggregation of preferences of a group of agents from a computational perspective. On the one hand, it is concerned with the application of techniques developed in computer science, such as complexity analysis or algorithm design, to the study of social choice mechanisms, such as voting procedures or fair division algorithms. On the other hand, computational social choice is concerned with importing concepts from social choice theory into computing. For instance, social welfare orderings originally developed to analyse the quality of resource allocations in human society are equally well applicable to problems in multi-agent systems or network design. The course will focus on normative aspects, computational aspects, and real-world applications (including some case studies). Program: 1. Introduction to social choice. 2. Computing hard voting rules and preference aggregation functions. Application to aggregating web page rankings. 3. Strategic issues: manipulation, control, game-theoretic analyses of voting. Short introduction to algorithmic mechanism design. 4. Preference aggregation on combinatorial domains. 5. Communication issues in voting: voting with incomplete preferences, elicitation protocols, communication complexity, low-communication mechanisms. 6. Fair division of indivisible goods. 7. Cake cutting algorithms 8. Matching under preferences 9. Coalition formation. 10. Specific applications and case studies (varying every year): rent division, kidney exchange, school assignment, group recommendation systems…

Bibliographie, lectures recommandées

Handbook of Computational Social Choice (F. Brandt, V. Conitzer, U. Endriss, J. Lang, A. Procaccia, eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2016. Algorithmics of Matching Under Preferences (D. Manlove), World Scientific, 2013.

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

Course URL

https://www.college-de-france.fr/fr/chaire/stephane-mallat-sciences-des-donnees-chaire-statutaire/events

In charge

Stéphane Mallat

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Eric Benhamou

What will you learn in this class?

• Intro and Course Overview
• Supervised Learning behaviours
• Intro to Reinforcement Learning
• Policy Gradients
• Actor-Critic Algorithms (A2C, A3C and Soft AC)
• Value Function Methods
• Deep RL with Q-functions
• Advanced Policy Gradient (DDPG, Twin Delayed DDPG)
• Trust Region & Proximal Policy Optimization (TRPO, PPO)
• Optimal Control and Planning
• Model-Based Reinforcement Learning
• Model-Based Policy Learning
• Exploration and Stochastic Bandit in RL
• Exploration with Curiosity and Imagination
• Offline RL and Generalization issues
• Offline RL and Policy constraints

Why DRL?

• Is a very promising type of learning as it does not need to know the solution
• Only needs the rules and good rewards
• Combines best aspects of deep learning and reinforcement learning.
• Can lead to impressive results in games, robotic, finance

References

• Goodfellow, Bengio, Deep Learning
• Sutton & Barto, Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
• Szepesvari, Algorithms for Reinforcement Learning
• Bertsekas, Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control, Vols I and II
• Puterman, Markov Decision Processes: Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming
• Powell, Approximate Dynamic Programming

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Daniela Grigori

The objective of this course course is to give students an overview of the field of graph analytics. The objective of this course course is to give students an overview of the field of graph analytics . Since graphs form a complex and expressive data type, we need methods for representing graphs in databases, manipulating, querying, analyzing and mining them.Moreover, graph applications are very diverse and need specific algorithms.
The course presents new ways to model, store, retrieve, mine and analyze graph-structured data and some examples of applications.
Lab sessions are included allowing students to practice graph analytics: modeling a problem into a graph database and performing analytical tasks over the graph in a scalable manner.

Program

1. Introduction to graph management and mining
2. Graph databases – Neo4J
3. Query language for graphs – Cypher
4. Graph Processing Frameworks (Pregel, .., GraphX)
5. Graph applications : mining social-network graphs, mining logs, fraud detection, ..

Bibliographie, lectures recommandées

Ian Robinson, Jim Weber, Emil Eifrem, Graph Databases, Editeur : O’Reilly (4 juin 2013), ISBN-10: 1449356265
Eric Redmond, Jim R. Wilson, Seven Databases in Seven Weeks – A Guide to Modern Databases and the NoSQL Movement, Publisher: Pragmatic Bookshelf
Grzegorz Malewicz, Matthew H. Austern, Aart J.C Bik, James C. Dehnert, Ilan Horn, Naty Leiser, and Grzegorz Czajkowski. 2010. Pregel: a system for large-scale graph processing, SIGMOD ’10, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 135-146
Xin, Reynold & Crankshaw, Daniel & Dave, Ankur & Gonzalez, Joseph & J. Franklin, Michael & Stoica, Ion. (2014). GraphX: Unifying Data-Parallel and Graph-Parallel Analytics.
Michael S. Malak and Robin East, Spark GraphX in Action, Manning, June 2016

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Rida Laraki

This course will focus on the behavior of learning algorithms when several agents are competing against one another: specifically, what happens when an agent that follows an online learning algorithm interacts with another agent doing the same? The natural language to frame such questions is that of game theory, and the course will begin with a short introduction to the topic, such as normal form games (in particular zero-sum, potential, and stable games), solution concepts (such as dominated/rationalizable strategies, Nash, correlated and coarse equilibrium notions, ESS), and some extensions (Blackwell approachability). Subsequently, we will examine the long-term behavior of a wide variety of online learning algorithms (fictitious play, regret-matching, multiplicative/exponential weights, mirror descent and its variants, etc.), and we will discuss applications to generative adversarial networks (GANs), traffic routing, prediction, and online auctions. [1] Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi and Gábor Lugosi, Prediction, learning, and games, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

[2] Drew Fudenberg and David K. Levine, The theory of learning in games, Economic learning and social evolution, vol. 2, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998.
[3] Sergiu Hart and Andreu Mas-Colell, Simple adaptive strategies: from regret matching to uncoupled dynamics, World Scientific Series in Economic Theory – Volume 4, World Scientific Publishing, 2013.
[4] Vianney Perchet, Approachability, regret and calibration: implications and equivalences, Journal of Dynamics and Games 1 (2014), no. 2, 181–254.
[5] Shai Shalev-Shwartz, Online learning and online convex optimization, Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning 4 (2011), no. 2, 107–194.

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Camille Bourgaux Michaël Thomazo

Introduction to Knowledge Graphs, Description Logics and Reasoning on Data. Knowledge graphs are a flexible tool to represent knowledge about the real world. After presenting some of the existing knowledge graphs (such as DBPedia, Wikidata or Yago) , we focus on their interaction with semantics, which is formalized through the use of so-called ontologies. We then present some central logical formalism used to express ontologies, such as Description Logics and Existential Rules. A large part of the course will be devoted to study the associated reasoning tasks, with a particular focus on querying a knowledge graph through an ontology. Both theoretical aspects (such as the tradeoff between the expressivity of the ontology language versus the complexity of the reasoning tasks) and practical ones (efficient algorithms) will be considered.

Program:

1. Knowledge Graphs (history and uses)
2. Ontology Languages (Description Logics, Existential Rules)
3. Reasoning Tasks (Consistency, classification, Ontological Query Answering)
4. Ontological Query Answering (Forward and backward chaining, Decidability and complexity, Algorithms, Advanced Topics)
References:

— The description logic handbook: theory, implementation, and applications. Baader et al., Cambridge University Press
— Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies, Hitzler et al., Chapman&Hall/CRC
— Web Data Management, Abiteboul et al., Cambridge University Press Prerequisites:
— first-order logic;
— complexity (Turing machines, classical complexity classes) is a plus.

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Dario Colazzo

This course focuses on the typical, fundamental aspects that need to be dealt with in the design of machine learning algorithms that can be executed in a distributed fashion, typically on Hadoop clusters, in order to deal with big data sets, by taking into account scalability and robustness. Nowadays there is an ever increasing demand of machine learning algorithms that scales over massives data sets.
In this context, this course focuses on the typical, fundamental aspects that need to be dealt with in the design of machine learning algorithms that can be executed in a distributed fashion, typically on Hadoop clusters, in order to deal with big data sets, by taking into account scalability and robustness. So the course will first focus on a bunch of main-stream, sequential machine learning algorithms, by taking then into account the following crucial and complex aspects. The first one is the re-design of algorithms by relying on programming paradigms for distribution and parallelism based on map-reduce (e.g., Spark, Flink, ….). The second aspect is experimental analysis of the map-reduce based implementation of designed algorithms in order to test their scalability and precision. The third aspect concerns the study and application of optimisation techniques in order to overcome lack of scalability and to improve execution time of designed algorithm.

The attention will be on machine learning technique for dimension reduction, clustering and classification, whose underlying implementation techniques are transversal and find application in a wide range of several other machine learning algorithms. For some of the studied algorithms, the course will present techniques for a from-scratch map-reduce implementation, while for other algorithms packages like Spark ML will be used and end-to-end pipelines will be designed. In both cases algorithms will be analysed and optimised on real life data sets, by relaying on a local Hadoop cluster, as well as on a cluster on the Amazon WS cloud.

References:

– Mining of Massive Datasets
http://www.mmds.org

– High Performance Spark – Best Practices for Scaling and Optimizing Apache Spark
Holden Karau, Rachel Warren
O’Reilly

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Kevin Scaman

Deep neural networks show incredible performance in a wide range of machine learning tasks, including object detection, photorealistic image generation, machine translation and even the mastery of strategy games such as go. However, the mathematical tools of standard machine learning theory (empirical risk minimization theory, bias-variance tradeoffs, Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension) does not provide a satisfactory explanation for the remarkable efficiency of these models. In this course, we will try to better understand the theoretical reasons for the success of deep learning from multiple angles : computational efficiency, predictive power, optimization algorithms and data geometry. In doing so, we will provide an in-depth introduction to the mathematical foundations of deep learning, including rigorous analyses of the predictive power and infinite-width limits of standard models (multi-layer perceptrons, ReLU networks, convolutional neural networks), as well as review recent theoretical developments.

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

Course URL

https://www.lamsade.dauphine.fr/~cazenave/MonteCarloSearch.html

In charge

Tristan Cazenave

Introduction to Monte Carlo for computer games. Monte Carlo Search has revolutionized computer games. It works well with Deep Learning so as to create systems that have superhuman performances in games such as Go, Chess, Hex or Shogi. It is also appropriate to address difficult optimization problems. In this course we will present different Monte Carlo search algorithms such as UCT, GRAVE, Nested Monte Carlo and Playout Policy Adaptation. We will also see how to combine Monte Carlo Search and Deep Learning. The validation of the course is a project involving a game or an optimization problem.

References

Intelligence Artificielle Une Approche Ludique, Tristan Cazenave, Editions Ellipses, 2011.

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Paul Boniol

The purpose of this course is to review data management technologies that can be used to manage large volumes of data, beyond traditional relational database management systems. These systems, grouped generically under the name “NoSQL”, actually bring together very heterogeneous approaches: different data models (e.g., based on representations in XML, graph or triple form), different compromises to ensure scalability (in particular, abandoning ACID properties), distribution of data over a very large set of nodes, etc.. This course will present the choices of technologies and the research problems implied by some of these systems, and will explain in which situations they are useful.

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Tristan Cazenave

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

Course URL

http://caor-mines-paristech.fr/fr/cours-npm3d/

In charge

François Goulette

Duration

24h

ECTS

3 credits

Course URL

https://moodle.ens.psl.eu/course/view.php?id=2772

In charge

Muni Pydi

This course covers the basics of Differential Privacy (DP), a framework that has become, in the last ten years, a de facto standard for enforcing user privacy in data processing pipelines. DP methods seek to reach a proper trade-off between protecting the characteristics of individuals and guaranteeing that the outcomes of the data analysis stays meaningful.

The first part of the course is devoted the basic notion of epsilon-DP and understanding the trade-off between privacy and accuracy, both from the empirical and statistical points of view. The second half of the course will cover more advanced aspects, including the different variants of DP and the their use to allow for privacy-preserving training of large and/or distributed machine learning models.

• Motivations, traditional approaches, randomized response
• Definition and properties of differential privacy
• Mechanisms for discrete/categorical data
• Mechanisms for continuous data
• Alternative notions of differential privacy
• Differential privacy for statistical learning
• Attacks and connections with robustness
• Local differential privacy and federated learning

This course does not have any prerequisite, except from basic knowledge of probabilities, statistics and Python programming.

Validation is through homeworks (on Python notebooks) and the defense of a group project done on a research paper.

Recommended Readings

• The Algorithmic Foundations of Differential Privacy, C. Dwork & A. Roth, Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science (2014)
• Programming Differential Privacy, J. P. Near & C. Abuah, online book (2021)

Duration

18h

ECTS

3 credits

In charge

Irène Waldspurger

An inverse problem is a problem where the goal is to recover an unknown object (typically a vector with real coordinates, or a matrix), given a few “measurements” of this object, and possibly some information on its structure. In this course, we will discuss examples of such problems, motivated by applications as diverse as medical imaging, optics and machine learning. We will especially focus on the questions: which algorithms can we use to numerically solve these problems? When and how can we prove that the solutions returned by the algorithms are correct? These questions are relatively well understood for convex inverse problems, but the course will be on non-convex inverse problems, whose study is much more recent, and a very active research topic.

The course will be at the interface between real analysis, statistics and optimization. It will include theoretical and programming exercises.

ECTS

10 credits